Documentation

(Footnotes, Endnotes, Parenthetical References)

 

Uses

       1.   To indicate the source of material that is directly quoted.

            2.   To give credit for other people's ideas even though you write them in your own words.

            3.   To give the source of diagrams, statistics, figures, and the like.

 

Alternatives

There are a number of ways to document the fact that you are using another person's words , information, or ideas in your paper.

            1.   The traditional way is by use of footnotes at the bottom of each page. (See page 56 for

                  example.)

            2.   A second way is to put the footnotes on an Endnote page at the end of the paper but before the Bibliography page.  (See page 29 for an example.)

            3.   A third way is to use parenthetical references which are embedded in the paper.  (See page 59 for an example.

 

 

Footnotes/Endnote Page

 

Number footnotes consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3....).   Place the number slightly above the item to be footnoted.  The numbers in the text of the paper will match the footnote numbers on the Endnotes page or at the bottom of the pages of text. 

 

Indent each footnote five spaces, just as you do for paragraphs.  See page 29.

 

Single space each footnote; double space between footnotes.  See page 29.

 

To refer to a source mentioned in the immediately preceding footnote, use Ibid, the abbreviation for the Latin ibidem which means “in the same place.”

 

         Ibid. all by itself means that the footnote comes from the same source and the same page as the footnote that precedes it.  See footnotes 6 and 15.

 

         Ibid. with a page number means that the footnote comes from the same source as the footnote that precedes it, but from a different page.  See footnotes 2, 5, and 8.

 

To refer to a work cited earlier in full form but not in the immediately preceding footnote, write the author’s last name only and the page.  If there is no author given, write the title and the page.   See footnotes 9, 12, 16, and 17.

 

If the footnote runs onto a second or third line, bring these lines to the left margin (i.e. do not indent them).  See footnotes 10, 13, and 14.

 

For an example of a footnote from a book, see footnotes 1, 4, and 7.

 

For an example of a footnote from a magazine with an author given, see footnote 3.

 

For an example of a footnote from a magazine with no author, see footnote 11.

 

For an example of a footnote from a newspaper article, see footnote 14.

        

For an example of a footnote from an article written by someone but compiled and edited by someone else  (sometimes called a casebook), see footnotes 10 and 13.

 

 

Endnotes

 

         ¹Stanley J. Kunitz, ed., Twentieth Century Authors, 1159.

 

         ²Ibid., 1160.

 

         ³Joseph Wood Krutch, “Glorious War,” The Nation, 10 July 1929, 43.

 

         ⁴Erich Maria Remarque, All Quiet on the Western Front, 8.

 

         ⁵Ibid., 98.

 

         ⁶Ibid.

 

         ⁷Manfred Gregor, The Bridge, 144.

 

         ⁸Ibid., 105.

 

         ⁹Remarque, 171.

 

         ¹⁰Brian A. Rawley, “Journalism into Fiction,” in The First World War in Fiction:  A Collection of Critical Essays, ed. Holger Klein, 109.

 

         ¹¹”Child Soldiers,” Time, 15 August 1960, 80.

 

         ¹²Gregor, 120.

 

         ¹³Elizabeth Markham, “All Is Not Quiet on the Western Front,” in Twentieth Century Views of All Quiet on the Western Front, ed. Eugene Mack, 74.

 

         ¹⁴Alice Simmons, “World War I Revisited,” The Chicago Tribune, 4 April 1989, final ed., sec. 1:  10.

 

         ¹⁵Ibid.

 

         ¹⁶Krutch, 43.

 

         ¹⁷”Child Soldiers,” 80.